Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by the elevation of prolactin levels in circulation. It is the most common disorder of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis. Proper evaluation of the etiology in these patients is extremely important for the accurate follow-up and treatment. This review study aimed to discuss differential diagnoses and key points in patients with hyperprolactinemia.

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Unani system of medicine has enjoyed the status of being royal since antiquity, and various rulers and governments have paid special attention toward its growth and development. In India, Tipu Sultan, a highly cultured intellectual, academician, physician, scholar, and a great scientist, was one of those who played an important role in the advancement of Unani medicine. He had an imperial library located at Srirangapatna housing more than 2000 manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu, and Hindi, dealing with medicine, military science, music, Hadith, law, Sufism, history, philosophy, grammar, astrology, poetry, and mathematics, of which 62 books were related to medicine. He also possessed vast expertise in treating various diseases, which is inferred from his personal letters and communications. He not only showed interest in preserving Unani manuscripts but also mentioned about 45 books on the subject of medicine in his memoirs. The health system was highly sophisticated in his territory among his contemporary kingdoms. Moreover, physicians and surgeons were regularly inducted to serve the injured and wounded soldiers in every battalion. The present study judiciously inspected the contributions of Tipu Sultan toward the patronage and promotion of Unani medicine, especially in the southern part of India in the 18th century.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major health concern in the 21st century, which is largely preventable but remains responsible for millions of deaths annually and many life-threatening complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Withania coagulans Dunal and Eugenia jambolana Lam with that of standard control metformin in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
This was a randomized open study with standard control. A total of 60 diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly allocated in the test (n = 30) and control groups (n = 30). Test drug, a combination of E. jambolana (6 g in powder form) and oral infusion of W. coagulans (10 pieces), and control drug metformin (500 mg) were administered to the participants twice daily for 90 days. The subjective parameters were assessed at every follow-up, blood sugar was recorded at a monthly interval, while hemoglobin A1c, RFT, and lipid profile were recorded at baseline and at the termination of the trial. The study outcome was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The test drug showed significant improvement at par to the control drug in subjective (polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, and weight loss) and objective (blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, RFT, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride) parameters without any side effects or toxicity. The study inferred that the drug was safe and effective in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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The aim of this study was to share the results of ilioinguinal approach practiced on 27 patients who had specific types of
acetabular fractures and explore its appropriateness.
The study retrospectively analyzed 10 (37%) females and 17 (63%) males with acetabular fractures –[mean age 34.6 (19–46) years] surgically treated using the ilioinguinal approach. Fractures were identified using the Judet–Letournel classification. The Early postoperative radiographic assessment was done using Matta`s scoring system. The last followup clinical evaluation was performed according to the Harris hip score. The Matta classification was used in the final radiographic evaluation.
Seven patients had anterior column (25.9%), six patients T (22.2%), five patients transverse (18.5%), five patients both columns (18.5%), and four patients anterior column and posterior hemitransverse (14.8%) type of fractures. According to Matta postoperative radiographic classification, 9 patients had anatomical, 14 patients had adequate, and another 14 patients had an inadequate reduction. The average Harris hip scoring was 86 (60–100). According to the Matta radiological classification used in follow-ups, the results were quite good in 14 patients, good in 10 patients, fair in 1 patient, and bad in 2 patients.
Patients with less incision had rapid rehabilitation using expanded approach compared with those with heterotopic ossification. Serious complications such as infection and nerve injuries were seen less frequently. Anatomical structures encountered during the approach might not be customary for orthopedics. Surgeons can avoid large vessels and nerves by gaining experience and careful intraoperative retraction.

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Noonan syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and urogenital malformations. It is important to know that eye signs are more frequent in patients and usually occur as hypertelorism, downward-sloping palpebral fissures, epicentral folds, ptosis, fracture defects, strabismus, amblyopia, nystagmus, coloboma, keratoconus, and, rarely, cataracts. A 14-year-old male patient suspected of having NS due to inferior pectus excavatum and diagnosed with NS on genetic evaluation was referred to the clinic to evaluate the ocular findings obtained from the ophthalmic examination.
This rare syndrome is characterized by heterogeneous group involvement in various organs and requires a multidisciplinary approach to ensure early diagnosis and treatment of multiple malformations.

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