Chemical functionalizations of the hydroxymethyl groups of the reduced poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA, resins have been achieved by esterification and etherification reactions to produce halogen containing polymers. However, in an attempt to achieve quantitative conversions of the hydroxymethyl into other reactive functional groups, activation of the reduced PMMA resins by tosylation has been carried out. The tosylated polymer is transformed into polymeric ether, thioether and amino derivatives by substitution reactions of the tosyloxy group with a number of nucleophilic reagents. The tosyloxy groups of this active polymer intermediate are good leaving groups for these displacement reactions as indicated by the degree of substitutions. The activity of the polymeric reagents based on PMMA resins has been examined in the direct bromination reactions of various organic compounds such as carbonyl compounds containing -hydrogen, alkenes and arenes.

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The amount of precipitation that reaches the zone of saturation depends upon several factors. Because of these factors, determining the recharge to aquifers is a difficult problem in all water resources studies. A study for determining quantitative groundwater recharge is illustrated by the analysis of water level fluctuations in Kütahya-Çavdarhisar plain in Turkiye. The recharge of the groundwater in the study area is from precipitation.

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Water chemistry and environmental isotope analyses of the Manisa karst springs have been carried out in order to determine the origins, and reservoir capacities of these springs. Studies have also been directed towards incrustation and corrosion properties of the waters.
As a result of the water chemistry analyses, the general properties of the water samples are suitable for drinking from the standpoint of chemical and biological aspects. The hydrogen ion concentration of the waters is higher than 7. EC is generally lower than 650 micromho/cm. Chlorine and sulphate concentrations are much lower than the acceptable limits. The dominant salts are CaCO3 and MgCO3. The hardness of the waters is about 30°FH. In general, the spring waters tend to cause incrustation in pipes.
With the help of the stable isotopes (18O and D) and Tritium analyses, the recharge areas of the springs and the relation between them has been investigated and water points have been classified under three groups: 1st Group: G1, G2, G3 Ilica group; 2nd. Group: G4, G5, G6 Sarikiz group, 3rd Group: G9, G10, G11, G13, G14, Göksu group.

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Ten different types of plant communities were identified along the banks of polluted effluents drains of industrial areas. The vegetation was herbaceous but floristically poor in species composition. Two of the monocotyledonous species (Paspalidium geminatum and Cynodon dactylon) were the most dominant and frequent in almost all types of polluted channels. However, one dicotyledonous species (Eclipta prostrate) was also present dominantly in two of the stands.
A significant correlation was observed between different plant communities and the effluents properties (pH, levels of chloride, calcium, carbonate, bicarbonate, dissolved and undissolved solids) of the polluted drains. P. Geminatum, C. dectylon and Paspalidium-Cynodon communities showed wide ecological amplitude and were found growing at diverse habitat conditions along the polluted disposal channels of the industrial sites.

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Inversion is presented as a method of analysis in mechanisms. Analysis of displacements is taken up first, and the relevant relationships are stated. This is followed by the analysis of kinematics. Use is made of the AL-YASEER software package for the analysis of mechanisms over a complete cycle of events. The slider-crank mechanism and its inversions, as well as the fourbar linkage are employed for demonstrating the utility of the relationships.
Inversion is applied next to mechanisms of both low and high complexity, and examples are provided for the analysis of position as well as kinematic analysis over complete cycles. Bolstered with the method of kinematic coefficients, it is concluded that inversion represents a potentially useful method for the analysis of complex mechanisms.

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Water culture technique was used to study the role played by CdCI2, NaF and 2,4-DNP when supplied in various levels on photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate and nitrogen content in maize, sunflower and broad bean plants. The piphasic action of the test inhibitors involving stimulation of pigments biosynthesis at low concentrations and inhibition at higher concentrations was exhibited in case of maize and bean plants, while in case of sunflower this biphasic action was demonstrated only under the effect of 2,4-DNP. Accumulation of total carbohydrates and total nitrogen was substantially affected by the inhibitor supply. There was some evidence to indicate the presence of certain effective levels of the applied inhibitors manifesting depressive or promotive effects on the accumulation of the total carbohydrates and total nitrogen in the different organs of the treated plants.

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Seasonal changes in biochemical composition such as water, total nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, protein, glycogen, lipid and ash have been followed throughout the year in both male and female crabs. The analysis were done on three parts body meat, claw meat and trash. The water content of the entire body (edible and non-edible) showed no seasonal fluctuations. However significant seasonal variations were noted in other component of edible parts nitrogen (total) washiger in edible parts than in trash. The percentage of protein was found to be high in edible parts for most of the time during the year (54 to 75%) while the reserved polysaccharides (glycogen) were ranged from 1.53 to 2.44%. The total lipid of edible tissue was ranged from 3.8 to 4.7 % and total inorganic contents were varied from 8.4 to 11.3 % but they were high in non-edible portion (33.0 %). The calorific value (ash inclusive) was ranged from 3.5 to 3.8 Kcal/g.

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Review of 64 Turkish cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been presented in this report. 52 % of the patients were anemic; meam peripheral blood lymphocyte count was 95 X 109/L and 54 % of the patients had lymphocyte counts more than 50 X 109/L. 46% of the patients were at stage C, according to Binet's system. These results may suggest that Turkish CLL patients are younger and / or at more advanced stages than European or American patients, at the time of the diagnosis. This suggestion needs further data for confirmation. This review also confirms that Binet's method of clinical staging is more rational than Rai's method, as emphasised by many studies.

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Ferrokinetic investigations were performed in ten patients with prolonged Geophagia. Plasma Iron Clearance (T 1/2) was increased. Plasma Iron Transport Rate (PIT) was decreased in five; Red Cell Iron Utilization (RCU %) was decreased in six, normal in three; Erythrocyte Iron Turnover Rate (EIT) was found to be decreased in five, normal in one and increased in three cases. Erythrocyte Survival Rate (RCS) was found to be shortened in all cases except one.
The radioiron distribution obtained by surface counting over sacrum (Marrow), spleen and liver was performed in three cases. The spleen showed that red cell sequestration increased in two cases. Ferrokinetic data indicated that erytropoesis is disturbed in children with geophagia.

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Antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected both in some autoimmune disorders and in women with habitual abortion without evidence of a clinical autoimmune disease. Anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant factor are the two antiphospolipid antibodies which seem to have a role in habitual and spontaneous abortions, fetal growth retardation and intrauterine fetal deaths. The cause of the fetoplacental pathology remains unknown but it is likely that the thrombotic tendency observed in these patients also involves the decidual and placental blood vessels. A possible explanation for this thrombotic tendency has been the inhibition of vascular prostacyclin synthesis with resultant thromboxane dominance. We studied the incidence of anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant factor in habitual and spontaneous abortions and intrauterine fetal deaths in this report. An increased incidence of anticardiolipin antibodies was found in women with unexplained recurrent fetal loss.

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This study carried on 30 cases with alveolitis. The patients were divided into 3 different treatment groups each consisting of 10 individuals. The pre-and post-treatment clinical (pain, mouth odor and lymphadenopathy) microbiologic and histopathologic findings were statistically compared in 3 groups. As a result of our findings we concluded that the quickest and most efficient method in alveolitis treatment is irrigation with rivanol solution following curettage of the inflamed area and oral antibiotic (ornidazol) therapy.

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25 patients who had gastric resection for duodenal ulcer 10-13 years ago were examined endoscopically. Mucosal biopsies were taken. Endoscopically 13 were normal, 12 had gastritis and 14 had bile reflux. 9 reflux and 3 nonreflux patients showed gastritis. 8 patients had neither reflux nor gastritis. In endoscopically normal patients 5 had minimal, 7 had reactive mucosal changes and 1 had chronic gastritis. In 12 patients who had gastritis endoscopically, 4 showed minimal mucosal changes and 7 showed chronic gastritis. 3 reflux patients had minimal, 5 had reactive mucosal changes and 6 had chronic gastritis histopathologically. 2 non-reflux patients had minimal, 6 reactive mucosal changes and 2 has chronic gastritis. Mean pH of reflux patients was 4.508 ± 0.418 and non-reflux patients 4.26 ± 0.629. The difference was not significant (P>0.05). Mean gastrin level in reflux patients was 68.89 ± 12.81 pg/ml, in nonreflux patients 56.22 ± 9.79 pg/ml. The difference was also not significant (P>0.05). Gastritis is a serious gastrectomy complication. Bile reflux is one of the causes, but not through the pH and gastrin changes. 13 years were not sufficient to produce malignant changes. Therefore, these patients should be pursued at frequent intervals both endoscopically and histopathologically.

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Protein, esterase and peroxidase patterns of eighteen isolates of P. palmivora from various cocoa growing areas of Peninsular Malaya, Sabah dan Sarawak were studied by polyacrylamide vertical gel electrophoresis, to determine whether "strain" within P. palmivora could be distinguished using this method. The protein patterns of all the isolates studied were almost identical qualitatively and it was impossible to distinguish "strain" between the isolates of P. polmivora from cocoa. Esterase and peroxidase patterns of the isolates were also identical, although the amount of enzyme varies as observed by variation of color intensity of the bands.

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Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an inherited disorder characterized by fever, abdominal and/or chest pain. The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease remain unknown. A large amount of amorphous urate excretion in urine was found in five FMF patients during acute episodes. Increased excretion of uric acid in the patients with FMF during acute episodes can lead to the thesis that FMF is an inherited disorder of purine metabolism.

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This study was conducted to determine the nature of correlation between plasma proteins in healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected from children, male and female adults, and using rate nephelometry plasma albumin, transferrin, 1-antitrypsin, group specific component (Gc protein) and three immunoglobulins, IgG, IgM, and IgA were estimated in each sample. Each protein was subjected to regression analysis with each of the other proteins and correlation coefficients were determined.
A statistically significant (p<0.007) positive correlation was obtained between each of the proteins in the children, except between Gc protein and the other six plasma proteins investigated. While in adults the results were different for IgA and IgM when compared with those for the children.
In this paper we present the results of regression analysis and correlation coefficients between seven plasma proteins in children and adults and discuss their possible causes and significance.

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